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By the 1960s, the global wave of civil rights movements had not gone unnoticed. Many Panamanians were exposed to the U.S. Black freedom struggle through contact with American G.I.s stationed at U.S. military bases. The voices of Marvin Gaye, James Brown, and Otis Redding, broadcast over Army Radio, also left a lasting impression. Inspired by this cultural exchange, many descendants of the canal laborers began forging their own unique Soul sound.